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  • Evaluating the Effects of Agomelatine on Polysomnography Parameters in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

    Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common serious sleep disorder. Melatonin-based drugs such as agomelatine may have beneficial effects on patients with sleep disorders. This study aimed to evaluate agomelatine effects on polysomnography parameters in patients with OSA. Methods: In this randomized, parallel, and single-blind study, seventy patients 18 years of age or older with obstructive…

  • The Role of the Circadian Rhythm in Dyslipidaemia and Vascular Inflammation Leading to Atherosclerosis

    Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Many lines of evidence suggest that the disturbances in circadian rhythm are responsible for the development of CVDs; however, circadian misalignment is not yet a treatable trait in clinical practice. The circadian rhythm is controlled by the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus…

  • Melatonin Modulates the SIRT1-Related Pathways via Transdermal Cryopass-Laser Administration in Prostate Tumor Xenograft

    Melatonin displays antitumor activity in several types of malignancies; however, the best delivery route and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Alternative non-invasive delivery route based on transdermal administration of melatonin by cryopass-laser treatment demonstrated efficiency in reducing the progression of LNCaP prostate tumor cells xenografted into nude mice by impairing the biochemical pathways affecting…

  • Melatonin as a Mediator of the Gut Microbiota-Host Interaction: Implications for Health and Disease

    In recent years, the role played by melatonin on the gut microbiota has gained increasingly greater attention. Additionally, the gut microbiota has been proposed as an alternative source of melatonin, suggesting that this antioxidant indoleamine could act as a sort of messenger between the gut microbiota and the host. This review analyses the available scientific…

  • Circadian clock organization in the retina: From clock components to rod and cone pathways and visual function

    Circadian (24-h) clocks are cell-autonomous biological oscillators that orchestrate many aspects of our physiology on a daily basis. Numerous circadian rhythms in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas have been observed and the presence of an endogenous circadian clock has been demonstrated. However, how the clock and associated rhythms assemble into pathways that support and control retina…

  • MiR-126 and miR-146a as Melatonin-Responsive Biomarkers for Neonatal Brain Ischemia

    Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, challenges remain in early identification of neonates with encephalopathy due to hypoxia-ischemia who are undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Therefore, there is a deep search for biomarkers that can identify brain injury. The aims of this study were to investigate the serum and brain expressions of two potential biomarkers, miR-126/miR-146a,…

  • Melatonin affects the expression of microRNA-21: A mini-review of current evidence

    Melatonin (MLT) is an endogenous hormone produced by pineal gland which possess promising anti-tumor effects. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of MLT, along with its immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and anti-angiogenic properties, are often referred to the main mechanisms of its anti-tumor effects. Recent evidence has suggested that epigenetic alterations are also involved in the anti-tumor properties of…

  • Effect of Melatonin on Herpesvirus Type 1 Replication

    Acute HSV-1 infection is associated with mild symptoms, such as fever and lesions of the mouth, face and skin. This phase is followed by a latency period before reactivation, which is associated with symptoms ranging from ulcers to encephalitis. Despite available anti-HSV-1 drugs, the development of new antiviral agents is sought due to the presence…

  • Circadian immunity from bench to bedside: a practical guide

    The immune system is built to counteract unpredictable threats, yet it relies on predictable cycles of activity to function properly. Daily rhythms in immune function are an expanding area of study, and many originate from a genetically based timekeeping mechanism known as the circadian clock. The challenge is how to harness these biological rhythms to…

  • Circadian dysfunction and cardio-metabolic disorders in humans

    The topic of human circadian rhythms is not only attracting the attention of clinical researchers from various fields but also sparking a growing public interest. The circadian system comprises the central clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the peripheral clocks in various tissues that are interconnected; together they coordinate many daily…

  • Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections

    In all mammals, the circulating pool of MLTs is synthesized in the pineal gland during the night’s darkness hours. Its main function is synchronizing the organism in the photoperiod. In contrast, extra-pineal MLT is synthesized in peripheral organs, does not follow any circadian rhythm or circulate, and plays a detoxifying and cytoprotective role. Circulating MLT…

  • Role of melatonin in carcinogenesis and metastasis: From mechanistic insights to intermeshed networks of noncoding RNAs

    In recent years, seminal studies have been devoted to unraveling the puzzling mysteries associated with the cancer preventive/inhibitory role of melatonin. Our current knowledge of the translational mechanisms and the detailed structural insights have highlighted the characteristically exclusive role of melatonin in the inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastatic dissemination. This mini-review outlines recent discoveries related…

  • A mid‑pandemic night’s dream: Melatonin, from harbinger of anti‑inflammation to mitochondrial savior in acute and long COVID‑19

    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), a systemic illness caused by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), has triggered a worldwide pandemic with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to chronic, affecting practically every organ. Melatonin, an ancient antioxidant found in all living organisms, has been suggested as a safe and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of…

  • Circadian regulation of microglia function: Potential targets for treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

    Circadian rhythms are involved in the regulation of many aspects of the body, including cell function, physical activity and disease. Circadian disturbance often predates the typical symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases and is not only a non-motor symptom, but also one of the causes of their occurrence and progression. Glial cells possess circadian clocks that regulate…

  • Circadian rhythms and mood disorders: Time to see the light

    The importance of time is ever prevalent in our world, and disruptions to the normal light/dark and sleep/wake cycle have now become the norm rather than the exception for a large part of it. All mood disorders, including seasonal affective disorder (SAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD), are strongly associated with abnormal…

  • Physiological processes underpinning the ubiquitous benefits and interactions of melatonin, butyrate and green tea in neurodegenerative conditions

    Nutraceuticals and melatonergic pathway There is a growing dissatisfaction at the lack of progress in treating neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. No current pharmaceuticals have any significant impact on the pathophysiological changes occurring in such neurodegenerative conditions. More promising has been the utilization of nutraceuticals, a number of…

  • Assessing the antiviral potential of melatonin: A comprehensive systematic review

    This review assesses the antiviral potential of melatonin through comprehensive analysis of studies across human subjects, animal models, cell cultures, and in-silico simulations. The search strategy targeted relevant research until 22 June 2023, resulting in 20 primary studies after screening and deduplication. The findings highlight strong evidence supporting antiviral properties of melatonin. In silico studies…

  • Mitochondrial Melatonin: Beneficial Effects in Protecting against Heart Failure

    Cardiovascular disease is the cause of physical infirmity and thousands of deaths annually. Typically, during heart failure, cardiomyocyte mitochondria falter in terms of energy production and metabolic processing. Additionally, inflammation and the accumulation of non-contractile fibrous tissue contribute to cardiac malfunction. Melatonin, an endogenously produced molecule, experimentally reduces the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions,…

  • The Therapeutic Trip of Melatonin Eye Drops: From the Ocular Surface to the Retina

    Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule found in living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. It possesses various properties, partly due to its robust antioxidant nature and partly owed to its specific interaction with melatonin receptors present in almost all tissues. Melatonin regulates different physiological functions and contributes to the homeostasis of the entire…

  • Biological Clock Genes are Crucial and Promising Biomarkers for the Therapeutic Targets and Prognostic Assessment in Gastric Cancer

    Background: Gastric cancer is one of the major public health problems worldwide. Circadian rhythm disturbances driven by circadian clock genes play a role in the development of cancer. However, whether circadian clock genes can serve as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for gastric cancer remains elusive. Methods: In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the potential relationship…

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